And know that Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. Verses of the Koran which sound very harsh are always followed by the option of repentance and a "reminder that God is ultimately forgiving and merciful," he says. For Hasan, crucifixion has no place in the modern world. What happened in Raqqa was intended as a warning to anyone questioning the authority of Isis, he suggests. Although crucifixion is mentioned in the Koran, it plays a bigger role in the Bible. While Islam recognises Jesus as a prophet, it does not believe, as Christianity does, that he was crucified.
Crucifixion had become an established form of execution in the Roman Empire long before Jesus's birth. It's estimated that 6, of Spartacus's followers were killed in this way. It is thought that Paul was beheaded - a quicker and therefore preferable death. Although there are references to crucifixions hundreds of years before the Romans these may refer to other forms of impalement - cases where offenders were nailed to trees and other frames, where they were left to die.
The Latin word "crux" which is generally translated as "cross" originally had a less specific meaning, referring to any object on which victims were impaled or hanged. More than 1, years later, however, it resurfaced as a way of killing Christians in Japan. In , 26 Christians were crucified in Nagasaki and over the following century, hundreds more were executed in the same way.
Though the actual appearance of the device upon which Christ died probably does not matter as much as some may think, several things suggest to me that the device was a tau cross. It has been said that a picture is worth a thousand words, and first century pictures may speak volumes to this question. Another issue is practicality. A stipe permanently in place upon which the cross-piece along with the individual being crucified is lifted, is a much more practical and efficient means and method.
The Romans, being, if nothing else, efficient, would have certainly developed the most practical, efficient means of dispatching their convicted criminals or slaves that began annoying them. And, though some discount tradition as balderdash, there is something to be said for the early Christian tradition indicating that Jesus was executed on a cross shaped device of execution.
It seems reasonable that the oral tradition of the earliest believers would have maintained at least the shape of the instrument of the death of their Lord. But I have experienced the saving power of Jesus in my own life, and know that He died for me, whatever the shape of the execution device.
The image has a human on a cross not a pole with a donkey head. John reads. As recipient of BA in psychology in the capitol many years ago, I still marvel at these societies in history using such graphic displays of what they perceive as punishment for transgressions.
Makes me feel that the perpetrators are totally insecure with conflict of values and use such means as they feel necessary.
Insecure Romans? I guess so. Where are they today? It is interesting indeed to think about how this particular man was executed, but we also remember the testimony of Josephus that, during the siege of Jerusalem, the Romans exercised their ingenuity in crucifying people in a wide variety of positions just to break the boredom for the numbers they were attaching to crosses. There was probably at least SOME variety in method throughout the period.
The testimony of the wounds in the Fourth Gospel postdates the events by at most seventy years. And those who handed on the tradition inscripted in the Fourth Gospel certainly had plenty of opportunities to see actual crucifixions e. For certain Christ was nailed to the tree, whatever the form. This is very bad hermeneutics and poorer historical regards for the text of the Bible.
Learn some Hebrew. Some Chrisitian apologists say that the Yud in lion should have been a VaV but was shortened by scribal error. Hence the word would be pierced but omit the fact that their is no Aleph if your looking to define it as pierced nor an the requisite Ayin which is part of the word pierced.
He sent one of his perfect spirit sons to the earth. But Jehovah did not send just any spirit creature. He sent the one most precious to him, his only-begotten Son. Read 1 John , Willingly, this Son left his heavenly home. Jehovah performed a miracle when he transferred the life of this Son to the womb of Mary.
How could one man serve as a ransom for many, in fact, millions of humans? Well, how did humans numbering into the millions come to be sinners in the first place? Recall that by sinning, Adam lost the precious possession of perfect human life. Hence, he could not pass it on to his offspring. Instead, he could pass on only sin and death. There may have been many different methods of this execution depending upon how readily available wood was, how many men were carrying out the sentence, who the condemned was.
We now know this would never have held up and more than likely the nails were applied through the radii or arm bones. Throughout history different types of crosses have been used for crucifixions. The type used to hang Jesus on is irrelevant.
That He was crucified for the sins of the world says it all. Everything written with relation to the crucifixion is unreliable. No one was taking notes, and no one foresaw that a world religion would spring from the followers of the victim, therefore everything is anecdotal. Did he say this is going to be the first, second, or third century, after Christ? How would he determine from where to start and when exactly Jesus had died, unless the Romans were keeping records of every terrorist they executed, which I doubt, I would imagine that they would have been treated as non existent, in a way that the Japanese treated the soldiers who were not officer class.
I think is was many centuries later that someone had an idea to start the ball rolling. The whole business of religion is born from the desires and beliefs and ambitions of human beings, there is nothing supernatural about it. The whole Christian concept is Pauline. The whole deal is fake news….
There are a number of images from the first and second centuries of Jesus or others on a cross not a stake. The JWs have this utterly unsupported idea of a stake based entirely on the earlier meaning of the word Stauros. Words grow and expand their meaning.
Or have a range of meaning. In this instance there is NO evidence that a stake was used , there is evidence that a cross was used.
The so-called presence of a cross in the cities destroyed by Mt. Vesuvius, are highly questionable. And most certainly in either case was not to be revered. The closer to the springhead, the purer the water. A 20th century revision by a religious sect, versus historical evidence all the way back to the 1st century e. James Tabor also has a good summary of the first century historian Joesphus' references to […].
This subsequently morphed into the Latin cross as we have it today, and the various other cruciform decorations that evolved from that fairly quickly. Fascinating article — thanks! They eventually had to enlist help for him. The length and weight of a single beam would have been virtually impossible for any human to carry. Do the math. John-I am strongly inclined to believe that Jesus died on a stake based on evidence presented by other writers above.
This was the simplest available construction for torturing and killing. So whatever other methods of execution were used in the 1st century, the Bible says Jesus died on a stake. As already mentioned it has become a thing of idolatrous worship. I shudder to think what people would wear around their neck if Jesus had been hanged. Steven your assertion that it was a simple up right post is not born out from early first century records.
Seneca [37AD] stated criminals were crucified with arms outstretched, the Way Jesus said that Peter would be Crucified. According to Josephus at the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD the crosses were as thick as a forest, therefore there was no scarcity of wood as this article suggested. Considering the scarcity of large local timber, why use nails at all. It seems as though nails being continuously driven in and removed would have weakened the vertical timber to such an extent that after a few crucifixions it would no longer sustain the weight of a man.
Rope ties would be a better choice. However, in the case of Jesus, nails were used as a means to ridicule his message of his resurrection; a form of mockery.
Whether one believes the Bible to be a supernatural document is quite different than using it as an historical source when it comes to these things. Bring the data together. Ignoring major pieces of it because of a bias against usi9ng ANY biblical data is absurd. Personally, I have no theological interest in the method of crucifixion used in the case of Jesus or any other cases, but it is an interesting question of historical trivia and anatomy.
It is fortunate indeed that the Romans abandoned crucifixion when they began to worship someone who had been crucified not that cruel punishments in general were abandoned; witness the abuses of the Inquisition, or being hanged, drawn, AND quartered. But it is unfortunate for historians that so little contemporary literary or archeological evidence has been found: one heel bone out of all the millions of victims in Roman history!
One reason may be that most of the victims were Greco-Roman pagans, who generally practiced cremation, not burial, in the case of the few victims returned to a family for funerary rituals.
However, many, perhaps the majority, were deliberately left on the cross or stake to decompose, adding to the indignity AND the warning to passers-by. Any heel bones or wrist bones with nails would have been scattered over the landscape by scavenging animals in this case. The Biblical accounts are not contemporary, since they are based upon recollections, possibly second- or third-hand recollections, and may have been edited for theological reasons as other parts of the text have been shown to be edited.
As for nails in both hands and feet, it is not inconceivable that the single-stake method could have involved nailing after tying with ropes the hands above the head on opposite sides of the stake, OR EQUALLY, nailing after tying the hands to a crossbar.
Both methods would add increased pain which the Romans obviously wanted , and both would produce four nail wounds. It belongs in the same category as what race Jesus was; as the song says, little children and adults imagine a Jesus the same race as themselves, to increase their feeling of love and connection to their Savior. Likewise, whatever fits your feeling about how much He suffered for you is appropriate; but watch out if you find yourself imagining more and more gruesome pain, because you may actually be imagining yourself torturing someone ELSE!
Not the Crucifixion but the Resurrection was the demonstration of His, and although hidden by our doubts, our oneness with the Father. Archaeology is a fine science, however, interpretation is often very subjective.
In the Old Testament, the book of Psalms says Psalm Yea, dogs are round about me; a company of evildoers encircle me; they have pierced my hands and feet—. With both heels nailed in place, the crucified man would hold on to the beam with no need for other support. This account has been embellished on so many times that facts are buried under the writings of those who wish to promote their ideologies.
The word used does NOT mean cross and was just a mistranslation by people who had fortunately never seen a crucifixion. Indeed, try to imagine Roman soldiers wasting all the time needed to create the kind of jointed cross that is usually seen in artworks while they banged up to people along a road.
Incidentally, the fact that the word means a large piece of wood and could be better translated post or staff depending on context makes the comment of Jesus sending out his disciples the last time, when he predicted troubles a lot more sensible. Take a big stick or staff along. If Roman executioners used crucifixion on a regular basis, it would require reusable tools for the task. Wooden beams with pre drilled holes, iron fortified wooden dowels, ordinary rope, and fixed post holes make up for an efficient method to get the job done.
Securing the victim to the beam or cross would be a method to insure the body would be supported until the public execution was completed. The body would be removed and most of the cross would be used again for the next execution. Nothing suggests the description in the Bible is inaccurate as to the piercing of the hands and feet. That opinion assumes much more about the Roman method of execution than actual facts support.
Jesus was likely attached to a wooden beam by use of both ropes and pegs. Still, the Bible provides evidence that Jesus died, not on a cross, but on an upright stake. Regardless of the shape of the instrument on which Jesus died, the following facts and Bible verses indicate that we should not use the cross in worship. God rejects worship that uses images or symbols, including the cross. First-century Christians did not use the cross in worship.
Use of the cross in worship has a pagan origin. Recent archaeology indicates nails only 4. There is a practice in the devoutly Catholic nation of the Philippines by which some pious Christians practice penance by having themselves partially crucified in the manner by which Jesus was traditionally crucified. They have found it necessary to support the arms with ropes, using the more modern, smoother, straighter and thinner nails only to provide the additional pain.
Of course, they are cut down before irreparable damage is done. There have been medical tests done on donated cadavers which show that attempting to hold the weight of the body up solely by nails in the palms merely tears the palms open; while doing so with nails just above the wrists, between the arm bones, just barely holds up the body. From a humanitarian viewpoint alone, we should be thankful that we know so little about the process.
While no country with Christianity as its primary heritage would revive the practice, non-Christian as well as Christian countries are either more humane than ancient Rome admittedly a very low bar or would not give up the efficiency of shooting, hanging or beheading for such a slow process, except possibly as a means of interrogation. Tying to a cross is the most severe form of punishment usually reserved for robbers. Birds will perch and take a bite on the face and body.
From there, Alexander the Great , who invaded Persia as he built his empire, brought the practice to eastern Mediterranean countries in the fourth century B. But Roman officials weren't aware of the practice until they encountered it while fighting Carthage during the Punic Wars in the third century B.
For the next years, the Romans " perfected crucifixion " until Constantine I abolished it in the fourth century A. However, given that crucifixion was seen as an extremely shameful way to die, Rome tended not to crucify its own citizens. Instead, slaves, disgraced soldiers, Christians, foreigners, and — in particular — political activists often lost their lives in this way, Retief and Cilliers reported. The practice became especially popular in the Roman-occupied Holy Land.
When Rome's legions crucified its enemies, however, local tribes wasted no time in retaliating. For instance, in 9 A. In Rome, people condemned to crucifixion were scourged beforehand , with the exception of women, Roman senators and soldiers unless they had deserted , Retief and Cilliers wrote.
During scourging, a person was stripped naked, tied to a post, and then flogged across the back, buttocks and legs by Roman soldiers. This excessive whipping would weaken the victim, causing deep wounding, severe pain and bleeding.
The cruelty didn't stop there. Sometimes, the Roman soldiers would hurt the victim further, cutting off a body part, such as the tongue, or blinding him. In another heinous turn, Josephus reported how soldiers under Antiochus IV, the Hellenistic Greek king of the Seleucid Empire, would have the victim's strangled child hung around his neck. The next step varied with location.
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